Arq-e-Gulab

Air-Freshner

Aaloo(potato)

Suraj-mukhai

Shaljum

payyaz(onion)

Neim

Moli

lehsorah

Lehsan

kela(banana)

Jaman

Imli

Herad

Hera Dhanyain

Gunna(Sugar Cane)

Gule-Zafran

Gul-e-Daoodi

Gul-e-Banafsha

Gulab(ROSE)

Gaajar

Falsa

Chumpa-kay-phool

Arand

Anjeer

Angoor (Grapes)

Amrood

Amla

Almatas-kay-phool

Allubukhara

ajwain

First Aid

First Aid

In attending an injured person:

1. Keep the injured person lying down in a comfortable position, his head level with his body, until you know whether the injury is serious.

2. Look for hemorrhage, stoppage of breathing, poisoning, wounds, burns, fractures, and dislocations. Be sure you locate every injury. Remove enough clothing to determine the extent of the injury. Rip the seams if necessary. Attempts to remove the clothes in the usual manner may cause unnecessary suffering or may aggravate injury. Serious bleeding, stoppage of breathing, and poisoning must be treated immediately before anything else is done.

3. Send someone to call a physician or an ambulance.

4. Keep calm and do not be hurried into moving an injured person I unless absolutely necessary.

5. Never give water or other liquid to an unconscious person.

6. Keep onlookers away from the injured.

7. Make the patient comfortable and keep him cheerful, if possible.

8. Don't let the patient see his own injury.

About The Author
David Crawford

Shock

Shock

Any person severely injured may develop shock, and treatment must be started immediately to prevent shock, if possible. This involves:

1. Prevention of hemorrhage by application of pressure.

2. Maintaining body temperature by covering the patient with a blanket but not applying heat.

3. Increasing the flow of blood to vital organs by tilting the body so that the blood tends to flow to the upper portions, raising the foot of the stretcher or bed from twelve to eighteen inches.

4. Except when there is abdominal injury, giving fluids in small amounts and frequently, preferably as hot as can be taken comfortably.

5. Administering artificial respiration as described later, if necessary, to restore breathing.

Wounds

Dressing  And  Bandages

Do not use absorbent cotton directly over a wound or bum because it sticks and is hard to remove. Do not use adhesive tape, electrician's tape, collodion, or similar materials directly on a wound. Apply sterilized gauze squares or bandage compresses to wounds. Bandages are not applied directly over wounds, which should always be covered first with a dressing.

Wounds

Do not touch any wound with the hand, mouth, clothing, or any unclean material. Apply a sterile dressing or compress and bandage snugly in place. When bleeding is present, apply a dressing as soon as available; press firmly. Make sure that bleeding is stopped before moving the patient. Tourniquets are dangerous, and should not be used if bleeding can be checked readily otherwise. Whenever there is serious bleeding get a physician as soon as possible to take responsibility for care of the patient.

Puncturing Wounds

Always secure a physician, who will not only treat the wound itself but may give tetanus antitoxin for prevention of lockjaw.

Powder Burns

Explosion of gunpowder usually carries burned powder and dirt into the skin. Make sure that the patient is seen by a physician. The value of tetanus antitoxin in such cases cannot be over-emphasized.

Infected Wounds

Apply wet dressings, consisting of three heaping tablespoonfuls of ordinary salt, or twice this amount of Epsom salts, in each quart of water. Change wet dressing often enough to keep hot, and apply continuously for an hour. Repeat every three to four hours until the patient is turned over to a physician.

Wounds Of Abdomen

Keep the patient lying quietly on his back. Move patients with wounds of the abdomen carefully. When intestines protrude from wound, keep patient on back with a coat or pillow under the knees. Don't try to push the intestine back in. Cover with a sterile dressing and keep moist.

Animal Bites

Wash the wound thoroughly to remove saliva. Use a gauze compress and a thick solution of soap and water to scrub the wound. Rinse it with clean running water and apply a sterile dressing. Consult a physician at once. Do not kill the biting animal except to protect others from danger. Have biting animals examined by competent veterinarians to determine whether or not they have rabies.

Snake Bites

Make the victim lie down and keep quiet. Tie a constricting band firmly around the limb just above the bite, to restrict the spread of the poison. Sterilize a sharp knife or razor blade with a match flame, iodine, or alcohol. Make a cross-cut incision about one-quarter-inch long through each fang mark. Apply suction with a suction cup or syringe; apply suction by mouth if a mechanical device is not available. Call a doctor as promptly as possible. Antivenin serum should be given by someone experienced, if it is available.

Foreign Bodies In Wounds

If a foreign body like a splinter, a piece of glass or metal is near the surface, apply an antiseptic to the skin. Sterilize a knife, needle, or tweezers by passing through a flame; use this to remove foreign body. Encourage a little bleeding by gentle pressure on the wound. After bleeding has stopped apply a sterile compress.

Foreign Body In The Eye

Never rub the eye. Never touch it until you have washed your hands thoroughly. Never be rough with the eye. Never try to remove a foreign body from the eye with a toothpick, match, knife blade, or any instrument.

Pull down the lower eyelid and see if the foreign substance is on the surface of the lower lid. If visible, it can be removed by touching it with a comer of a clean hand kerchief. Grasp the eyelashes of the upper lid gently between the thumb and forefinger. Have the patient look upward, and pull the upper eyelid upward and downward over the lower eyelid. This may dislodge a foreign body, so that it will be washed away by the tears. Wash the eye with a solution of boric acid (a half teaspoonful to a drinking glass of boiled water). If foreign bodies are still present, make sure that the patient has attention from a physician.

Nosebleed

Have patient sit up with head thrown slightly back, breathing through mouth. Apply cold wet compresses over the nose. Tell person with nosebleed not to blow nose for a few hours. Press the nostril on the bleeding side firmly against the middle portion for four or five minutes. If these measures do not stop the bleeding in a few minutes, call a physician. Try putting sterile gauze pack back in the nostril, leaving the end out so it can be easily removed.

Internal Bleeding

Keep the patient lying on his back as flat as possible. Turn the head to one side for vomiting or coughing. Keep the patient warm. Get a physician at the earliest possible moment.

Common Emergencies

Common Emergencies


Brain Hemorrhage:

Lay the patient on his back with the head and shoulders slightly raised. Apply cold cloths or ice bag to the head. Insist on absolute quiet. Use great care in moving the patient. Do not use stimulants.

Drunkenness :
Patient will usually sleep off the condition m a few hours. If the patient can be aroused, make him vomit and then give coffee. Apply artificial respiration if patient stops breathing.

Fainting:
If a person feels faint make him lie down with his body level. Keep him lying down, and lower his head. If he is in a chair tilt the chair back ward. If it is impossible to lower his head, elevate his legs. Loosen tight clothing. Smelling salts inhaled may be helpful, but do not use ammonia. Sprinkle the face with cold water. After consciousness returns, give stimulant by mouth.

Heart Failure
Keep the patient absolutely quiet, lying down. Never give stimulants or drugs, unless prescribed by the doctor. Keep the patient warm and quiet. Reassurance will prevent fear.

Convulsions
Prevent the patient from injuring himself. Place a pencil wrapped in cloth or a folded cloth or other suitable material between the teeth to prevent the tongue from being bitten. Put a pillow, coat, or any other soft material under the head. Do not try to hold the patient rigid to prevent convulsive movements.

Convulsions in Children
Loosen constricting clothing. If the convulsions do not stop promptly, apply hot packs, wrapping the child in a blanket or in large heavy towels wrung out of warm water, not hot water. Following the pack, put the child to bed between warm blankets.

Earaches
Any earache that persists for even a short time demands the attention of a doctor. Apply a hot water bottle to the painful ear. Cold may give relief in cases not relieved by heat. Early puncture of the eardrum when there is internal pressure is important in preventing secondary infection in the mastoid.

Hiccups
Try holding the breath as long as possible, or drink a glass of cold water slowly. Breathe in and out of a paper bag that fits tightly over the face.

Foreign Bodies in Ear or Nose
Never push any pin or piece of wire or instrument into the ear or nose. Try syringing the ear with warm water. Leave removal of foreign bodies in the ear or nose to the doctor.

Insect Bites
Remove the sting if it is still present. Apply a paste made of baking soda and cold cream or a compress moistened with ammonia water. Cold applications help relieve pain. Calamine lotion with one-per-cent menthol relieves itching of mosquito and chigger bites.


Drowning
Remove the victim from the water and place him in a prone position with his head lower than the rest of his body. Make a quick inspection of his mouth and remove any sand, muck, or weeds. Pull the lower jaw forward. This brings the tongue forward and helps to keep it from plugging the upper air passages. Start prone-pressure artificial respiration. The preliminary steps should not take more than ten seconds.

Don't attempt to remove water from the lungs. There is usually a little in them, but that is readily expelled by the action of artificial respiration. Rolling a person to get the water out is a waste of precious time. Remember, the conservation of body heat is important. A person rescued from the water under normal conditions loses body heat rapidly. Even on a hot day water evaporation from wet clothing has the effect of cooling the body at a dangerous rate.

Hanging
Cut the rope holding the person suspended. Loosen it immediately from around the neck. Start artificial respiration at once.

Poisons
Give immediately four to seven glassfuls of soap suds, salt water, soda water, lukewarm water or milk. After the patient has had several glassfuls, tickle the back of the throat to induce vomiting. This washes out the stomach. For acid poison, neutralize with alkalis like magnesium, chalk, baking soda, or lime water. Keep the patient warm. For alkaline poison, neutralize with weak acids such as lemon juice or vinegar, and keep the patient warm. Call a physician.

Burns

Shock and infection are the chief dangers from burns. For small bums apply sterile petrolatum ointment or burn ointment over the burned area. Cover with fine-mesh gauze. Remove all loose clothing from the burned area, but not if it sticks to the burned area, cut around it, and leave the clothing that has stuck to the wound for the doctor to remove. Dip strips of clean, freshly-laundered sheeting into a solution made of warm water, one quart containing three tablespoonfuls of baking soda, and apply to burned area. Do not use absorbent cotton directly on a bum.

Serious Sunburns

Calamine lotion is soothing and does not stain clothing. Wet dressings of baking soda or Epsom salts prevent pain. For severe blisters apply a dressing of sterile, petrolatum-coated gauze.

Sunstroke

Get the victim into the shade and into as cool a place as possible. Remove the clothing. Lay the patient on his back, with the head and shoulders somewhat elevated. Start treatment immediately. Apply cold to the head-wet cloths, ice bag, ice.


Cool the body by one of these methods:

1. Wrap the patient's body in a sheet and pour on cold water. This method is probably best. Don't cool the body too much at a time. Continue treatment for several minutes, then stop and observe the patient. If the skin becomes hot again, the treatment must be renewed. Rubbing the limbs toward the heart aids the circulation, and it is important. Rub through the wet sheet. Give no stimulants. Call a doctor at once. Give cool drinks after consciousness returns.

2. Give a cool bath, up to twenty minutes long, with brisk rubbing of the limbs and trunk to stimulate circulation. One of the most effective ways of cooling the body is an ice-water tub bath.



3. Apply cold, wet cloths or ice bags, with rubbing. If the patient is taken to a hospital in an ambulance, treatment should be continued during transportation.

Halitosis, or Bad Breath
Bad breath, now politely referred to as "halitosis" is offensive. There is little excuse for permitting oneself to become obnoxious for this reason to everyone around him, since it is possible to prevent the presence of such odors. The most frequent cause is related to the teeth, which may be subject to cavities or which may simply be surrounded with accumulations of decaying food-particles.

Cavities should be filled and tartar deposits should be removed at least once every six months. The teeth may be kept clean by the use of dental floss and by the regular use, after eating, of a toothbrush with proper powder or paste. There are innumerable mouth washes containing antiseptics, alkalis, or acids, that may be used after the teeth have been brushed. Weak hydrogen peroxide solutions are sometimes of value. Use strong solutions only on the advice of a competent physician or dentist.

After the teeth have been eliminated as the cause of bad breath, the tonsils must be examined for infection. Another frequent cause of bad breath is infection in the nose or in the space behind the nose. The formation of crusts and of accumulations of infected material is bound to produce foul odor of the breath. If the tongue is constantly coated, if there is eruction (the expulsion of stomach gases through the mouth) of sour material from the stomach, consult a physician.

Seasickness
Recent discoveries in the control of seasickness mean that almost anyone may now take a voyage on an ocean or a lake and, even when the boat rocks, still not be too sick to enjoy the voyage. Many a person used to get sick even before the ship left the dock. Avoid heavy meals, going-away dinners, and indigestible food. If you start out free from difficulty with your digestion and with a stomach that is reasonably empty, you are less likely to be sick.

When confronted with sickness lie down; do not try to make everybody believe that you are feeling wonderful, because, actually, you will look green and everybody will wonder why you are up anyway. Good air is important, and that means plenty of air. However, do not get chilled. Put on a warm coat, cover yourself with a rug, lie back, inhale good air, and be comfortable. Now and then a short, brisk walk will be helpful.

Do not, however, spend your time watching the waves, because this tends to produce eructation or vomiting. The stewards know that a little weak tea or a warm drink and a dry biscuit helps to settle a queasy stomach. Usually, on board the larger vessels tea is served each morning around eleven, each afternoon around three, in addition to the usual meals.

About The Author - David Crawford